Amapulasitiki angaboli kahle VS amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha

Amapulasitiki angaboli kahle VS amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha
Ipulasitiki ingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu embonini yesimanje. Ngokwezibalo ze-Our World in Data, kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-2015, abantu bakhiqiza amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.8 epulasitiki engcolile, engaphezu kuka-98% yawo yalahlwa, yashiywa noma yashiswa. Ambalwa Ukuya ku-2% kuphela agaywa kabusha.

Ngokwezibalo eziphuma kumagazini i-Science, ngenxa yendima yayo ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke njengesizinda sokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke, i-China ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni ngenani lamapulasitiki alahlwayo, okubalelwa ku-28%. Lawa mapulasitiki alahlwayo awagcini nje ngokungcolisa imvelo futhi abeke impilo engozini, kodwa futhi athatha izinsiza zomhlaba ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, izwe lethu seliqalile ukubeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekulawuleni ukungcoliswa kwabamhlophe.

Eminyakeni engu-150 ngemva kokusungulwa kwepulasitiki, kwakhiwa izindawo ezintathu zokulahla udoti ezinkulu zepulasitiki oLwandlekazi iPacific ngenxa yesenzo semisinga yolwandle.

U-1.2% kuphela weminyaka engu-65 yokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki owenziwe kabusha, futhi iningi labanye ligqitshwe phansi kwezinyawo zomuntu, lilinde iminyaka engu-600 ukuthi lehlise isithunzi.

Ngokwezibalo ze-IHS, inkambu yokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki yomhlaba wonke ngo-2018 yayigxile kakhulu emkhakheni wokupakisha, ibalwa ngama-40% emakethe. Ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki emhlabeni jikelele nakho kwavela ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokupakisha, okubalelwa ku-59%. Ipulasitiki yokupakisha akuwona kuphela umthombo oyinhloko wokungcola okumhlophe, kodwa futhi inezici zokulahlwa (uma igaywa kabusha, inani lemijikelezo liphezulu), kunzima ukuphinda isetshenziswe (iziteshi ezisetshenziswayo nokulahlwa zihlakazekile), izidingo zokusebenza eziphansi kanye izimfuneko zokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokungcola.

Amapulasitiki abolayo kanye namapulasitiki agaywe kabusha yizinto ezimbili ezingaba khona zokuxazulula inkinga yokungcola okumhlophe.
Ipulasitiki engaboli

Amapulasitiki abolayo abhekisela kumapulasitiki imikhiqizo yawo engahlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza ukuze isetshenziswe, ihlale ingashintshile phakathi nesikhathi sokugcinwa kwayo, futhi ingashintsha ibe izinto ezingenabungozi emvelweni ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo zemvelo ngemva kokusetshenziswa.

0 1 Inqubo yokuwohloka kwamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo

0 2Ukuhlelwa kwamapulasitiki awonakele

Amapulasitiki abolayo angahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukene zokuwohloka noma izinto zokusetshenziswa.

Ngokwezigaba zezindlela zokuwohloka, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezine: amapulasitiki abolayo, amapulasitiki abolayo, izithombe namapulasitiki abolayo, namapulasitiki awonakaliswa amanzi.

Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bamapulasitiki abolayo nezithombe namapulasitiki abolayo abukavuthwa, futhi kunemikhiqizo embalwa emakethe. Ngakho-ke, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo okukhulunywe ngawo ngemuva kwalokhu wonke amapulasitiki abolayo kanye namapulasitiki awonakaliswa ngamanzi.

Ngokwezigaba zezinto zokusetshenziswa, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki awonakele asuselwa ku-bio kanye namapulasitiki awonakele asuselwa ku-petroleum.
Amapulasitiki angaboli amapulasitiki akhiqizwe ku-biomass, anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla evamile njenge-petroleum. Ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa i-PLA (i-polylactic acid), i-PHA (i-polyhydroxyalkanoate), i-PGA (i-polyglutamic acid), njll.

Amapulasitiki awonakalayo asuselwa ku-petroleum amapulasitiki akhiqizwa ngamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa i-PBS (i-polybutylene succinate), i-PBAT (i-polybutylene adipate/terephthalate), i-PCL (i-polycaprolactone) ester) njll.

0 3 Izinzuzo zamapulasitiki awonakele

Amapulasitiki abolayo anezinzuzo zawo ekusebenzeni, kokusebenziseka, ukuwohloka, nokuphepha.

Mayelana nokusebenza, amapulasitiki awonakele angafinyelela noma adlule ukusebenza kwamapulasitiki endabuko kwezinye izindawo ezithile;

Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo anokusebenza okufanayo kwesicelo kanye nokusebenza okuhlanzekile kumapulasitiki endabuko afanayo;

Ngokuphathelene nokuwohloka, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo angonakaliswa ngokushesha endaweni yemvelo (ama-microorganisms athile, izinga lokushisa, umswakama) ngemva kokusetshenziswa, futhi abe yizicucu noma amagesi angenabuthi asetshenziswa kalula imvelo, ukunciphisa umthelela emvelweni;

Mayelana nokuphepha, izinto ezikhiqizwayo noma ezisele phakathi nenqubo yokuwohloka kwamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo azinangozi emvelweni futhi ngeke kuthinte ukusinda kwabantu nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Isithiyo esikhulu sokushintsha amapulasitiki endabuko njengamanje ukuthi izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo ziphakeme kunalezo zamapulasitiki endabuko afanayo noma amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha.

Ngakho-ke, ekusetshenzisweni okufana nokupakisha namafilimu ezolimo ahlala isikhathi esifushane, okunzima ukuwasebenzisa kabusha futhi ahlukaniswe, anezidingo eziphansi zokusebenza, futhi anezidingo zokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokungcola, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo anezinzuzo eziningi njengezinye izindlela.

ipulasitiki egaywe kabusha
Amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha abhekisela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki ezitholwe ngokucubungula amapulasitiki alahlwayo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingokwenyama noma zamakhemikhali ezifana nokwelashwa kusengaphambili, ukuncibilika kwembudumbudu, nokuguqulwa.

Inzuzo enkulu yamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha ukuthi ashibhile kunezinto ezintsha namapulasitiki awonakele. Ngokwezidingo ezihlukene zokusebenza, izakhiwo ezithile kuphela zamapulasitiki ezingacutshungulwa futhi kungenziwa imikhiqizo ehambisanayo.

Uma inani lemijikelezo lingeningi kakhulu, amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha angagcina izakhiwo ezifanayo kumapulasitiki endabuko, noma angagcina izakhiwo ezinzile ngokuxuba izinto ezigaywe kabusha nezinto ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingi, ukusebenza kwamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha kwehla kakhulu noma kungasebenziseki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima kumapulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha ukuze alondoloze ukusebenza okuhle kokuhlanzeka ngenkathi eqinisekisa umnotho. Ngakho-ke, amapulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha afanele izindawo lapho inani lemijikelezo lincane futhi izidingo zokusebenza kokuhlanzeka aziphezulu.

0 1

Inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha ipulasitiki

0 2 Izinguquko zokusebenza kwamapulasitiki avamile ngemva kokugaywa kabusha
Amazwana: I-Melt index, i-fluidity yezinto zepulasitiki ngesikhathi sokucubungula; i-viscosity ethize, i-viscosity emile yoketshezi ngevolumu yeyunithi

Uma kuqhathaniswa
Ipulasitiki engaboli
VS plastic recycled

1 Uma kuqhathaniswa, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuzinzile kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokugaywa kabusha, anezinye izinzuzo ezengeziwe ekusetshenzisweni okufana nokupakishwa namafilimu ezolimo ahlala isikhathi esifushane futhi okunzima ukuwagaya kabusha nokuwahlukanisa; kuyilapho amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha anezindleko eziphansi zokugaywa kabusha. Intengo nezindleko zokukhiqiza zizuzisa kakhulu ezimweni zokufaka izicelo ezifana nezitsha zansuku zonke, izinto zokwakha, nezinto zikagesi ezinesikhathi eside zokusebenzisa futhi okulula ukuzihlela nokuzisebenzisa kabusha. Laba ababili bayaphelelisana.

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Ukungcola okumhlophe kuvela ikakhulukazi endaweni yokupakisha, futhi amapulasitiki awonakele anendawo enkulu yokudlala. Ngokukhuthazwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko, imakethe yepulasitiki eyonakalayo yesikhathi esizayo inamathemba abanzi.

Emkhakheni wokupakisha, ukushintshwa kwamapulasitiki awonakele kuyenziwa. Izinkambu zokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki zibanzi kakhulu, futhi izinkambu ezihlukene zinezidingo ezihlukene zamapulasitiki.
Izidingo zamapulasitiki ezimotweni, izinto zikagesi zasendlini kanye neminye imikhakha ukuthi zihlala isikhathi eside futhi kulula ukuzihlukanisa, futhi inani lepulasitiki elilodwa likhulu, ngakho-ke isimo samapulasitiki endabuko asizinzile. Ezindaweni zokupakisha ezifana nezikhwama zepulasitiki, amabhokisi esidlo sasemini, amafilimu e-mulch, nokulethwa okuvezayo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwama-monomers epulasitiki, athambekele ekungcoleni futhi kunzima ukuwahlukanisa ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kwenza amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo abe maningi amathuba okuthi athathelwe indawo amapulasitiki endabuko kule mikhakha. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa nesakhiwo sesidingo somhlaba wonke samapulasitiki awonakalayo ngo-2019. Isidingo samapulasitiki awonakalayo sigxile kakhulu emkhakheni wokupakisha, nokupakishwa okuguquguqukayo kanye nokubala okuqinile kokupakisha okungu-53% sekukonke.

Amapulasitiki angaboli eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika athuthukiswe ngaphambili futhi aseqalile ukumila. Izindawo zabo zokufaka izicelo zigxile embonini yokupakisha. Ngo-2017, izikhwama zokuthenga kanye nezikhwama zokukhiqiza zibalwe isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke (29%) sokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwamapulasitiki awonakele eNtshonalanga Yurophu; ngo-2017, ukupakishwa kokudla, amabhokisi esidlo sasemini kanye ne-tableware kwaba ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke (53%) yokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwamapulasitiki awonakele eNyakatho Melika. )

Kafushane: Amapulasitiki angaboli yisixazululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu ekungcoleni okumhlophe kunokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki.

U-59% wokungcola okumhlophe uvela emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki yamafilimu ezolimo. Kodwa-ke, amapulasitiki alolu hlobo lokusetshenziswa ayalahlwa futhi kunzima ukuwasebenzisa kabusha, okuwenza angafaneleki ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki. Amapulasitiki awonakele kuphela angaxazulula inkinga yokungcola okumhlophe.

Ezinkambini ezisebenzayo zamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo, ukusebenza akuwona umgoqo, futhi izindleko ziyisici esiyinhloko esikhawulela ukushintshwa kwemakethe kwamapulasitiki endabuko ngamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo.