Njengamanje, umhlaba wenze ukuvumelana ekuthuthukisweni okuluhlaza kwamapulasitiki. Cishe amazwe angu-90 nezifunda zethule izinqubomgomo ezifanele noma iziqondiso zokulawula noma ukuvimbela imikhiqizo yepulasitiki engonakaliswa elahlwayo. Igagasi elisha lokuthuthukiswa kohlaza kwamapulasitiki seliqalile emhlabeni wonke. Ezweni lakithi, umnotho oluhlaza, onekhabhoni ephansi, kanye nomnotho oyindilinga nawo usuphenduke umugqa oyinhloko wenqubomgomo yezimboni ngesikhathi “soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu” lwe-14.
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi nakuba amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo azokhula ngokwezinga elithile ngaphansi kokukhuthazwa kwezinqubomgomo, izindleko ziphezulu, kuzoba namandla okukhiqiza ngokweqile esikhathini esizayo, futhi umnikelo wokunciphisa ukungcola ngeke ubonakale. Ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kuhlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho oluhlaza, onekhabhoni ephansi kanye nesiyingi. Ngokunyuka kwezintengo zokuhweba ngekhabhoni kanye nokukhokhiswa kwezintela zomngcele wekhabhoni, ukwengezwa okuyisibopho kwezinto ezigaywe kabusha kuzoba umkhuba omkhulu. Kokubili ukugaywa kabusha okungokoqobo nokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kuzoba nokwanda kwamashumi ezigidi zamathani. Ikakhulukazi, ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kuzoba inkambiso yokuthuthukiswa kwepulasitiki eluhlaza. Ngo-2030, izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki lezwe lami lizokhuphuka lifinyelele ku-45% liye ku-50%. Idizayini elula ukugaywa kabusha ihlose ukukhulisa izinga lokugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenani eliphezulu kwamapulasitiki alahlwayo. Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kungase kukhiqize izigidi zamathani esidingo semakethe yepulasitiki ye-metallocene.
Ukuqinisa ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kuwumkhuba wamazwe ngamazwe
Ukuxazulula inkinga yokungcola okumhlophe okubangelwa amapulasitiki alahliwe kuyinhloso yasekuqaleni yamazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele ukwethula izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nokubusa kwepulasitiki. Njengamanje, impendulo yamazwe ngamazwe enkingeni yemfucumfucu yamapulasitiki iwukukhawulela noma ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki okunzima ukuyigaya kabusha, ukukhuthaza ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki, nokusebenzisa izinto ezishintshayo zepulasitiki. Phakathi kwazo, ukuqinisa ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukwandisa ingxenye yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kuyisinqumo sokuqala samazwe athuthukile. I-European Union ibeke "intela yokupakisha yepulasitiki" kumapulasitiki angaphinde asetshenziswe emazweni angamalungu kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2021, futhi yavimbela izinhlobo eziyi-10 zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlwa njenge-polystyrene enwetshiwe ukuthi ingangeni emakethe yaseYurophu. Intela yokupakisha iphoqa izinkampani zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ukuthi zisebenzise ipulasitiki egaywe kabusha. Ngo-2025, i-EU izosebenzisa izinto zokupakisha ezigaywa kabusha. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe lami ngonyaka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki kudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-150 ngo-2030. Izilinganiso eziqinile zibonisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwepulasitiki kwezwe lami e-EU kuzofinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezi-2.6 ngo-2030, futhi kuyodingeka intela yokupakisha yama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.07. Njengoba inqubomgomo yentela yokupakishwa kwepulasitiki ye-EU iqhubeka nokuthuthuka, imakethe yepulasitiki yasekhaya izobhekana nezinselelo. Ngokucutshungulwa intela yokupakisha, kubalulekile ukwengeza izinto ezigaywe kabusha emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki ukuze kuqinisekiswe inzuzo yamabhizinisi ezwe lethu.
Ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo lwamanje mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kohlaza kwamapulasitiki emazweni athuthukile lugxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kabusha okulula kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe obungaboli kahle baqale baqalwa amazwe ase-Europe neMelika, isasasa lamanje lokukhuthazwa kwabo kobuchwepheshe aliphezulu.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili zokusebenzisa: ukugaywa kabusha ngokomzimba kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali. Ukuvuselelwa komzimba okwamanje kuyindlela evamile yokuvuselela ipulasitiki, kodwa njengoba ukuvuselelwa ngakunye kuzonciphisa ikhwalithi yamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha, ukuvuselelwa ngomshini nokomzimba kunemikhawulo ethile. Emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki enekhwalithi ephansi noma engakwazi ukuvuselelwa kalula, izindlela zokuphinda zigaywe ngamakhemikhali zingasetshenziswa, okungukuthi, amapulasitiki emfucumfucu aphathwa “njengamafutha angcolile” ukuze acwengisiswe ukuze kuzuzwe ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucuza kwepulasitiki ngenkathi kugwenywa ukwehliswa kwezijwayelekile. imikhiqizo yokugaywa kabusha ngokomzimba.
Idizayini esebenziseka kalula kalula, njengoba negama liphakamisa, isho ukuthi imikhiqizo ehlobene nepulasitiki icabangela izici zokugaywa kabusha ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nenqubo yokuklama, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise kakhulu izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki. Isibonelo, izikhwama zokupakisha ezake zakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-PE, i-PVC, ne-PP zikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amamaki ahlukene e-metallocene polyethylene (mPE), esiza ukugaywa kabusha.
Amanani okugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki emhlabeni nasemazweni amakhulu ngo-2019
Ngo-2020, izwe lami ladla amathani epulasitiki angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100, cishe ama-55% awo ashiywa, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlwayo kanye nezimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside ezilahliwe. Ngo-2019, izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki lezwe lami lalingu-30% (bona Umfanekiso 1), eliphakeme kunesilinganiso somhlaba. Kodwa-ke, amazwe athuthukile enze izinhlelo zokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki, futhi amanani awo okugaywa kabusha azokhuphuka kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphansi kombono wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, izwe lethu lizophinde lenyuse kakhulu izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki.
izindawo zokusebenzisa imfucuza yezwe lami ngokuyisisekelo ziyefana nalezo zempahla esetshenziswayo, kanti i-East China, iNingizimu China, neNyakatho yeShayina yizona ezihamba phambili. Amazinga okugaywa kabusha ahluka kakhulu ezimbonini. Ikakhulukazi, izinga lokugaywa kabusha kokupakishwa kanye namapulasitiki ansuku zonke avela kubathengi abakhulu abalahlwayo lingama-12% kuphela (bona Umfanekiso 2), okushiya indawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa. Amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha anezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezifana nokupakishwa kwezokwelapha nokudla, lapho izinto ezigaywe kabusha zingengezwa khona.
Ngokuzayo, izinga lezwe lami lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki lizokhuphuka kakhulu. Ngo-2030, izinga lezwe lami lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki lizofinyelela ku-45% kuya ku-50%. Ugqozi lwawo ikakhulukazi luvela ezicini ezine: okokuqala, amandla anganele okuphatha imvelo kanye nombono wokwakha umphakathi owonga izinsiza kudinga ukuthi wonke umphakathi wandise izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki; okwesibili, intengo yokuhweba ngekhabhoni iyaqhubeka nokukhula, futhi wonke amathani epulasitiki agaywe kabusha azokwenza ipulasitiki Umjikelezo wokuphila wokunciphisa ikhabhoni ungamathani angu-3.88, inzuzo yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki iye yanda kakhulu, futhi izinga lokugaywa kabusha liye lathuthukiswa kakhulu; okwesithathu, zonke izinkampani ezinkulu zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki zimemezele ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha noma ukwengezwa kwamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha. Isidingo sezinto ezigaywe kabusha sizokhula kakhulu esikhathini esizayo, futhi ukugaywa kabusha kungase kwenzeke. Intengo yepulasitiki ihlanekezelwe; okwesine, izintela zekhabhoni nezintela zokupakishwa e-Europe nase-United States zizophoqa izwe lami ukuthi lenyuse kakhulu izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki.
Ipulasitiki egaywe kabusha inomthelela omkhulu ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Ngokwezibalo, kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila, ngokwesilinganiso, ithani ngalinye lepulasitiki eligaywe kabusha ngokomzimba lizonciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani angu-4.16 uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki angasetshenzisiwe kabusha. Ngokwesilinganiso, ithani ngalinye lepulasitiki eligaywe kabusha ngamakhemikhali lizonciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani angu-1.87 uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki angasetshenzisiwe kabusha. Ngo-2030, ukugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki okwenziwa ezweni lami kuzonciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-120, futhi ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali + nokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali (okuhlanganisa nokwelashwa kwamapulasitiki adotiwe) kuzonciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-180.
Nokho, imboni yezwe lami yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki isabhekene nezinkinga eziningi. Okokuqala, imithombo yemfucumfucu yepulasitiki ihlakazekile, izimo zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki engcolile ziyahlukahluka, futhi izinhlobo zezinto ezihlukene, okwenza kube nzima futhi kubize ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amapulasitiki angcolile ezweni lami. Okwesibili, imboni yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kadoti inomkhawulo ophansi futhi iningi lamabhizinisi anesitayela seshabhu. Indlela yokuhlunga iwukuhlela ngokuzenzela futhi ayinabo ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga obuzenzakalelayo kanye nemishini yezimboni. Kusukela ngo-2020, kunezinkampani ezingu-26,000 ezigaywe kabusha zepulasitiki e-China, ezincane ngesilinganiso, ezisatshalaliswa kabanzi, futhi ngokuvamile ezibuthakathaka enzuzweni. Izici zesakhiwo semboni ziholele ezinkingeni ekugadweni kwemboni yezwe lami yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezinsiza zokulawula. Okwesithathu, ukuhlukana kwezimboni nakho kuholele ekuqhudelaneni okunonya okushubile. Amabhizinisi anaka kakhulu izinzuzo zentengo yomkhiqizo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, kodwa adelele ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe. Intuthuko yemboni iyonke ihamba kancane. Indlela eyinhloko yokusebenzisa udoti wepulasitiki ukwenza ipulasitiki egaywe kabusha. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa ngesandla nokuhlukaniswa, bese kuthi ngezinqubo ezinjengokuchotshozwa, ukuncibilika, i-granulation, nokuguqulwa, amapulasitiki angcolile enziwa abe yizinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezigaywe kabusha ezingasetshenziswa. Ngenxa yemithombo eyinkimbinkimbi yamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha kanye nokungcola okuningi, ukuzinza kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kubi kakhulu. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqinisa ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuzinza kwamapulasitiki agaywe kabusha. Izindlela zokuthola kabusha amakhemikhali okwamanje azikwazi ukuthengiswa ngenxa yezinto ezifana nezindleko eziphezulu zemishini nama-catalyst. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda izinqubo ezishibhile kuyinkomba ebalulekile yocwaningo nentuthuko.
Kunezingqinamba eziningi ekuthuthukisweni kwamapulasitiki awonakele
Amapulasitiki awonakalayo, abuye aziwe ngokuthi amapulasitiki awonakaliswa imvelo, abhekisela ohlotsheni lwepulasitiki olungagcina lucekelwe phansi ngokuphelele lube yi-carbon dioxide, i-methane, amanzi kanye nosawoti owenziwe ngamaminerali wezakhi zawo eziqukethwe, kanye ne-biomass entsha, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene emvelweni. Inqunyelwe izimo zokuwohloka, izinkambu zokufaka izicelo, ucwaningo nentuthuko, njll., amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo okukhulunywa ngawo embonini ikakhulukazi abhekisele kumapulasitiki abolayo. Amapulasitiki asetshenziswayo njengamanje ajwayelekile yi-PBAT, i-PLA, njll. Amapulasitiki angaboli ngokujwayelekile adinga izinsuku ezingama-90 kuya kweziyi-180 ukuze wonakaliswe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa komquba ezimbonini, futhi ngenxa yemininingwane yezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ngokuvamile adinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokwehlukana futhi asetshenziswe kabusha. Ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile kumapulasitiki agugulekayo, amapulasitiki awonakala ngaphansi kwezikhathi noma izimo ezithile.
Ukulethwa okucacile, ukukhipha, izikhwama zepulasitiki ezilahlwayo, namafilimu e-mulch yizindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki awonakele esikhathini esizayo. Ngokombono wezwe lami “Ngokuqhubekayo Ukuqinisa Ukulawulwa Kokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki”, izikhwama zepulasitiki ezikhishwayo, ezikhishwayo, kanye nezilahlwayo kufanele zisebenzise amapulasitiki abolayo ngo-2025, futhi kukhuthazwa ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki abolayo kumafilimu e-mulch. Kodwa-ke, le mikhakha eshiwo ngenhla iye yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki nezinye izinto zepulasitiki eziwohlokayo, njengokusebenzisa izindwangu zephepha nezingezona ezilukiwe ukuze zithathele indawo yamapulasitiki okupakishwa, futhi amafilimu okumboza aqinise ukugaywa kabusha. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokungena kwamapulasitiki angaboli lingaphansi kuka-100%. Ngokwezilinganiso, ngo-2025, isidingo samapulasitiki awonakalayo kule mikhakha engenhla sizoba cishe amathani ayizigidi ezi-3 kuya kwezi-4.
Amapulasitiki angaboli anomthelela olinganiselwe ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ye-PBST kungaphansi kancane nje kwalokho kwe-PP, nokukhipha ikhabhoni okungamathani angu-6.2/ton, ephakeme kunokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki okungokwesiko. I-PLA iyipulasitiki ewohlokayo esekwe ku-bio. Nakuba ukukhishwa kwayo kwekhabhoni kuphansi, akukhona ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni enguziro, futhi izinto ezisekelwe ku-bio zisebenzisa amandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokutshala, ukuvutshelwa, ukuhlukanisa nokuhlanza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-06-2024